How A Population Changes In Size During A Specific Period Of Time Is Called The

Glossary of Demographic Terms

The aim of this glossary is to help y'all grasp terminology and terms related to the board field of demographic change. The Rostock Center does not claim to provide a complete glossary on demography; it rather aims to briefly explain the technical terms used in scientific articles to exist understood by everyone, ranging from pupils to the very old. You can scan the glossary here.

A B C D E F K H I J K Fifty Chiliad Due north O P Q R S T U 5 W 10 Y Z

A

Ageism

A term derived from English to denote discrimination on grounds of historic period (comparable to racism, sexism)

B

Baby boom cohorts

Birth cohorts built-in during the then-called Babe Boom (in West Germany a menses covering approx. the mid-1950s to mid-1960s). These years, marked by economic and social recovery following World War II, witnessed higher birth rates and an increment in the absolute number of births. Infant blast cohorts thus are disproportionally large in number compared to other nascency cohorts.

Nativity accomplice

All people built-in during a specific agenda yr or time period.

Likewise meet: Cohort

Nascency deficit

A region has a birth arrears, when the number of live births is lower than the number of deaths within a defined period of time.

Birth rate

Also: Total fertility rate

The cruder (i.eastward., general) birth rate is the number of live births per thou inhabitants in a year (eight.4 for Deutschland in 2012). The crude nascence rate is determined not only by the fertility of a given population just also past its age structure. Age-specific birth rates are calculated separately by age for women at childbearing ages. An instance is the number of children built-in live to thirty-year-quondam women in ane year based on thou women anile 30. In everyday language, the birth rate is frequently mistaken for the full fertility charge per unit.

Go to elevation

C

Centenarians

People aged 100 or over called Centenarians (lit.: hundreds).

Run across also: Semi-Supercentenarians and Supercentenarians

Accomplice

Designates a group of people who have a time-related characteristic in common. A nascency cohort comprises, for example, all people born in a given year (more often than not limited by further criteria, east.1000., the country of birth). But the yr of marriage or clearing may also be of demographic relevance, for example.

Cohort fertility

Cohort fertility (in dissimilarity to catamenia fertility) is the number of live births per woman who were born in a particular twelvemonth (= cohort). This mensurate is less susceptible to fluctuations than is catamenia fertility. The measure out tin only be determined in retrospect, however, i.e., once the reproductive phase of the given cohort has ended.

Cohort mortality

The mortality of a given nascency cohort observed over fourth dimension. Cohort mortality is used to track the development of mortality in a given birth cohort.

Go to top

D

Demography

Inquiry discipline investigating the structure and dynamics of populations. The size and structure of populations change as people are born, die, or motility (demographic components: fertility, mortality, migration and, in a broader sense: morbidity and nuptiality).

Demographic modify

Demographic alter describes the changes in population size and structure caused by changes in birth rates, death rates, and by migration. Demographic change in the Western developed countries of today is marked by low birth rates below population replacement and by rising life expectancy. The result is that populations are aging and shrinking. And migration may overlap with these developments. Migration, for example, leads to further population reductions in the regions of origin and to attenuation in the regions of destination. And if it is the immature rather than the old who migrate from a region, aging is exacerbated in the region of origin.

Demographic change has always exited, if seen purely as a process of population development. But the extent of demographic change we see today will necessitate drastic adjustments in many areas of society and politics.

Go to peak

Eastward

Earning points

The pension payment to which a person is entitled under the statutory pension scheme is based primarily on earnings accrued during working life. The calculation of pension entitlement includes gross earnings per year. These are then converted into earning points. To do so, the annual income is set up in relation to the boilerplate almanac income of all contributors to the pension fund. If the income equals that average, the event is an earning bespeak of 1 for that year. This manner, a total sum of 45 earning points would be accrued later on 45 years of employment (upwardly to historic period 65). For earnings higher (or lower) than the boilerplate annual income, earning bespeak values increase (or decreases) accordingly to a higher place (or below) 1.

Go to tiptop

F

Fetal Origins Hypothesis

Posits that the predisposition to certain chronic diseases (and thus an important factor influencing individual life expectancy) is caused as early as in utero. Possible causes for a higher chance of dying are malnutrition and infectious diseases of the mother.

Fertility

General fertility of a person, couple, group, or a population, i.eastward., the ability to produce offspring. Fertility determines the evolution of population numbers and does so together with mortality and migration. The most common measure of fertility is the nativity rate, reflected in the full fertility rate. If this rate is below the and then-chosen population replacement level, the population is shrinking.

See likewise: accomplice fertility and flow fertility

Forecast

Prediction about a hereafter issue, condition, or development. A forecast is ever based on assumptions that need to be made (due east.g., about fertility, mortality, and migration when predicting how the population structure will develop over the next 30 years). Forecasts are always discipline to a certain degree of inaccuracy. This is considering the assumptions fabricated are about the future and unforeseen developments may occur, especially when forecasts are long term.

Go to top

G

Generation renewal

This ways that the number of deaths in a population is offset in the long run past the number of births, then that the population number in that region remains constant.

See as well: Replacement level

Become to top

H

Healthy Migrant Hypothesis

The hypothesis posits that the wellness of migrants is meliorate on average, thus they have a higher life expectancy.

Human Development Alphabetize

The Human Evolution Index (HDI) measures the average socio-economic development of a state by taking into account three basic factors: the health, the instruction, and the living standard in a population. To this finish, three indices are constructed preceding HDI calculations: (ane) Health – A land'due south health status is measured by using life expectancy at birth. (2) Education – The index of a country's educational attainment is generated from the charge per unit of adult literacy and the combined school-enrolment rate at primary, secondary, and tertiary levels of education. (3) Standard of living – The index of living standard is based on real purchasing power per capita in United states dollars. The United nations Evolution Programme (UNDP) has been publishing HDIs since 1990 in its Human Development Reports. For more data on the concept of the Man Development Index, encounter the UNDP website.

Human being Mortality Database

The Human Mortality Database is a free database accessible to all who are interested. The data document the development of longevity over the past decades for 37 countries and regions. Its purpose is to intensify and facilitate enquiry into the causes and consequences of mortality. The chief goals are to ensure comparability, flexibility, and gratis global access to the information.

Launched in 2002 by researchers from the Department of Census at the University of California, USA, and the MPIDR's Data Laboratory, the database provides the following data on all countries and regions listed below, based on compatible methods to calculate life tables:

1) Absolute counts of life births (by sex activity)

ii) Accented counts of deaths (by age, year of decease, and year of nascency)

3) Population size

4) Figures on populations exposed to the risk of decease (for periods and cohorts)

5) Expiry rates (for periods and cohorts)

6) Life tables (for periods)

Currently (2019), data for the post-obit 41 countries are available:

For further information, see world wide web.mortality.org.

Become to top

I

Incidence

In medicine, incidence is the number of new cases of a specific disease arising in a given population during a divers menstruation of time.

See also: Prevalence

Incidence charge per unit

The incidence rate is calculated by setting the number of new cases of a specific disease (counter) in relation to a defined population at risk (denominator), commonly based on one calendar yr and 1000 persons.

See also: Prevalence rate

Infant mortality

This indicator measures how many of thou infants born alive die in a given calendar year earlier reaching their first birthday. According to the Federal Statistical Office, the current infant mortality charge per unit for Germany is 3.three.

Internal migration

Migration within national borders.

Go to acme

J

1000

L

Life expectancy

(= menstruum life expectancy)

A measure to standardize the mortality rates of one calendar twelvemonth or several calendar years (i.east., period). Life expectancy shows the average number of years a person of a given age can wait to alive, assuming that age-specific bloodshed rates remain constant for the remainder of that person'southward life. A stardom is made between life expectancy at nativity and remaining life expectancy (i.e., the years a person can wait to live at a given historic period).

Life Table

(= bloodshed tabular array)

A tabular display of the bloodshed for a predefined initial population. The tabular array shows how many people are yet live or take died by the end of age 1, 2, 3 and so forth. The well-nigh of import values of life tables are calculated on the ground of age-specific survival and mortality probabilities. Life tables are used, for instance, to calculate insurance premiums, such as for life, private pension, or wellness insurances.

Get to top

G

Median

In statistics, the median (also: cardinal value) is a value at the midpoint of a series of values arranged by value size. This means that 50 % of the values are beneath and the other 50 % are above the median value. If at that place is an even number of values, the median is calculated by averaging the two values in the middle of the series. An reward of the median over the arithmetic average is that it is immune to "outliers". To requite an example: In a series of x people with nine people aged 5 and i aged 80, the average age would be 12.v; the median historic period, past contrast, would be 5 years.

Microcensus

A representative household survey of the Federal Statistical Function and the Statistical Offices of the High german Länder, in which 1% of all households in Germany are annually involved. Each household is selected at random using sure criteria and surveyed over a period of four years. The Microcensus has been conducted since 1957 and provides statistical information on the economical and social situation of the population, on employment, the labor market place, and pedagogy.

Migration

Movement of individuals who leave their region of residence to live in another region.

Morbidity

Indicator of a population'south state of health. It refers to the incidence and frequency of diseases and disabilities in a grouping (e.grand., the full population, a birth accomplice, or a generation).

Mortality

(= death)

Mortality is influenced by biological, medical, and socio-economical determinants and by individual lifestyle factors. One of the instruments to measures mortality is the mortality rate.

Bloodshed rate

The number of deaths per 1000 individuals within a specified population and a specified period of fourth dimension (usually one year).

A indicator of mortality.

Bloodshed risk

Normally used as a synonym for the probability of death.

Go to top

N

Net migration

(= migration balance)

The difference between the number of people who enter a region (immigrants) to live in that location and the number of people who get out a region (migrants) to settle somewhere else.

Nuptiality

= (age-specific) commencement-matrimony rate

Shows the share of people who married for the offset fourth dimension ever at a given age for the year observed.

NUTS

NUTS (French: Nomenclature des unités territoriales statistiques) is a geocode standard for referencing the regions of the European Matrimony. To enable comparability betwixt geospatial areas and statistical data, the regions are divided into separate entities and classified in hierarchical order, based on existing authoritative units and populations of similar size.

Basics Level 0: nation states

NUTS Level 1: larger regions / areas of a country

Nuts Level 2: basic regions / areas of a country

NUTS Level three: small-scale regions / big cities of a land Example for DE803

Nuts Level 0: DE for Germany

NUTS Level 1: DE8 for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (MVP)

Basics Level two: DE80 for Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania (no further subdivision at this level)

Basics Level 3: DE803 for the County Borough of Rostock

The Basics classification is used, for example, for socio-economic analyses of regions and when provision of financial subsidies is made by European Union structural funds.

Go to superlative

O

Old-historic period dependency ratio

An indicator of the ratio of pensioners to the working population. The old-age dependency ratio is calculated as the number of persons anile over 60 (or: 65 or 67) divided past the number of persons aged 20-59 (or: 64 or 66). In Germany of 2013, the old-age dependency ratio (65 years) was 34. According to the projections of the Federal Statistical Office, this will accept risen significantly by 2060.

Opportunity costs

A common concept in economical research. It is the loss of a potential gain when a determination is made for one alternative against another.

Go to top

P

Peer group

Generally, this is any group of individuals who have similar social characteristics and share the same values and norms. The term usually refers to historic period groups and in detail to that of adolescents and their culture, marked past a high degree of cohesion, past hierarchical organisation, and a negative mental attitude toward the culture of the parents.

Period fertility

Come across: Full fertility rate

Period life expectancy

See: Life expectancy

Plasticity of longevity

(= plasticity of mortality)

Generally, the ability of beingness shaped. Hither: Changes in lifespan. This hypothesis posits that the likelihood of dying can be reduced fifty-fifty at very erstwhile ages, i.e., remaining life expectancy can exist prolonged.

Population momentum

Sustained population growth that is relatively strong – fifty-fifty if the birth rate per woman falls below replacement – due to the high proportion of young people at childbearing ages in the population. The population momentum explains, amidst other things, why population growth in developing countries (i.e., countries with a very young age structure compared to industrialized countries) is still unbroken despite declining birth rates.

Population pyramid

Graphical illustration of a population's age structure in a coordinate system in which are plotted on the X-axis the amount of men (mostly on the left) and women (mostly on the right) of the diverse age groups (Y-axis). In traditional societies with a high nativity rate, the historic period pyramid has a broad base of operations of younger people and the higher historic period groups have increasingly fewer people. If the birth rate falls – as has been observed for almost developed countries in recent decades – and remains below the bloodshed charge per unit, the pyramid changes in the long run to take the shape of an urn (fewer young people at the base of operations and a wide middle layer).

Prevalence

In medicine, prevalence is the statistical frequency of a affliction in a population at a given point in fourth dimension.

See also: Incidence

Prevalence rate

The prevalence rate is derived from the ratio between the number of people afflicted by a status, incidence, or development in a population and the full population. A prevalence that refers to a specific time flow is called period prevalence. *

See also: Incidence rate

Probabilistic forecasts

Forecasts that show a probability distribution of hereafter events or other future. Adept probabilistic forecasts consider all uncertainties that are likely (due east.g., futurity directions that a given variable used in the forecast may have).

Probability of dying

(= commonly used every bit a synonym for bloodshed risk)

The probability of a person who has attained a given age to die before reaching the side by side age. The probability of dying at historic period x is defined every bit the number of deaths at historic period 10 divided past the number of people alive at the beginning of age x, i.eastward., all people who accomplish the exact historic period of x and are now at risk of dying before they reach age ten+1. The probability of dying increases with age, starting from tardily babyhood. The odds of dying for different historic period groups are usually derived from age-specific mortality rates, and they are the basis for life table calculations

Pronatalistic

(= promoting birth)

The term is ordinarily used in the context of pronatalist family policy (which is geared toward increasing a state's birth rate).

Go to meridian

Q

R

Record life-expectancy

The highest life expectancy in the world observed in a given twelvemonth. The record is currently held by Japanese women, with a life expectancy of 85 years.

Replacement level

Also: Simple replacement level.

The population replacement level is the average number of children per woman (total fertility rate) that would exist needed to continue the population constant at the given bloodshed rates. For Europe, this is currently 2.1 (a rough guide). That is, if 1000 women belonging to a accomplice have fewer than 2100 children over their lifetime, in the long run the number of births no longer makes upwards for the number of deaths, and the population shrinks. This has been applying to Germany since the 1970s.

Study on the Elderly

Since 1993, the Federal Government of Deutschland has been issuing a written report on the elderly each legislative flow. The reports provide comprehensive information on the overall situation of the older population in Germany and in alternate on current main bug. To this end, the Federal Government appoints independent honorary expert commissions, which so gear up the reports; a task taking around two years of piece of work. The committee is assisted by the written expertise of other scientists.

Get to height

S

Choice bias

(= sampling mistake, sampling issue)

In many scientific studies, there is the chance that the method of selecting test participants or the test procedure in itself distorts or influences the results. Examples are familiarization and habituation furnishings for test persons who participate in long-term studies.

Semi-Supercentenarians

The term denotes people aged 105-109

Meet also: Centenarians and Supercentenarians

Socio-Economical Panel (SOEP)

A German language longitudinal survey that started in 1984 and is followed up annually. It surveys Germans, foreigners and migrants living in the new and the old Länder. Main topics covered are employment and family biography, participation in the labor market and job mobility, income trajectories, health, and life satisfaction, next to others.

Spouse splitting

Procedure to calculate the income revenue enhancement of married couples who are jointly assessed for tax purposes. To determine the total tax to exist paid, the taxable income of both spouses is added and then divided by ii ("splitted"). The revenue enhancement is and so calculated for this amount and doubled again. This method provides for a revenue enhancement-free allowance to be factored in for both spouses and for the tax rate (in progressive tax systems) to ascent more than slowly when income grows. Spouse splitting is especially advantageous when income differences between both spouses are very large.

Supercentenarians

A term to denote people aged 110 or over.

Meet also: Centenarians and Semi-Supercentenarians

Go to tiptop

T

Tempo effect

Ordinarily associated with the total fertility rate (period fertility, TFR). Tempo effects generally are distortions in flow measures caused by changes in the timing of demographic events (due east.thousand., births, deaths). With fertility, increases in the average age at childbearing upshot in shifts of childbearing to later stages in life, inevitably producing underestimations of fertility levels , e.grand., every bit measured past the TFR. In the demographic literature, various formulae have been proposed to correct for tempo distortions.

TFR

See also: Total Fertility Rate

+Full Fertility Charge per unit (TFR)

See besides: period fertility

This is the average number of children a women would have over the form of her life if she were to laissez passer through her childbearing years conforming to the age-specific fertility rates observed for a given year.

Cf. cohort fertility

Get to top

U

V

Due west

Working population

All persons of working age; employed are those actively engaged in paid employment. The labor-force participation rate is the share of the labor forcefulness to the full population.

Become to top

X

Y

Z

Go to top

How A Population Changes In Size During A Specific Period Of Time Is Called The,

Source: https://www.demogr.mpg.de/en/about_us_6113/what_is_demography_6674/glossary_of_demographic_terms_6982/

Posted by: haddenprid1940.blogspot.com